Haemorrhoids are a common condition affecting millions of people worldwide, causing discomfort and impacting quality of life. Although often avoided as a topic of conversation, it is essential to understand their causes, types, symptoms, and solutions to effectively address the issue. In this article, we explore the differences between internal and external haemorrhoids, as well as the best methods for prevention and treatment.

What Are Haemorrhoids?

Haemorrhoids are swollen veins located in the anal and rectal area. They can be internal, forming inside the rectum, or external, appearing under the skin around the anus. While they are not considered a severe condition, they can cause significant discomfort.

Internal Haemorrhoids

Internal haemorrhoids are located inside the rectum and are generally not visible to the naked eye. Typically, they do not cause pain as this area lacks sensitive nerve endings. However, they can lead to:

- Bleeding during bowel movements (bright red blood on toilet paper or in the stool);
- A sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation;
- Prolapse in severe cases, where internal haemorrhoids protrude through the anus.

External Haemorrhoids

External haemorrhoids form under the skin around the anus and are visible or palpable. They can be painful, especially during bowel movements or when sitting. Common symptoms include:

- Pain and discomfort;
- Swelling around the anus;
- Irritation or itching;
- Occasional bleeding.

Main Causes of Haemorrhoids

Several factors can contribute to the development of haemorrhoids, including:

1. Excessive Straining During Bowel Movements: A leading risk factor, often caused by chronic constipation or diarrhoea.

2. Pregnancy: Increased pressure in the pelvic area during pregnancy can lead to haemorrhoids.

3. Obesity: Excess weight also increases pressure on the anal veins.

4. Low-Fibre Diet: A diet lacking in fibre can make bowel movements more difficult.

5. Sedentary Lifestyle: Spending prolonged periods sitting reduces blood flow in the anal area, encouraging haemorrhoid formation.

Diagnosis

To correctly identify haemorrhoids, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional. Diagnosis may involve:

- Physical Examination: A visual and palpable evaluation of the anal area;
- Anoscopy: A more detailed examination to view internal haemorrhoids;
- Colonoscopy: In cases of persistent bleeding, this may be necessary to rule out more serious conditions.

Available Treatments

Treatment for haemorrhoids depends on the severity and intensity of symptoms. Here are some common options:

1. Lifestyle Changes

- Increase fibre intake by consuming more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains;
- Drink plenty of water to facilitate bowel movements;
- Avoid sitting for extended periods;
- Engage in regular physical activity.

2. Topical Treatments

Creams, ointments, and suppositories can relieve symptoms such as pain, itching, and swelling. Look for products containing soothing ingredients like witch hazel or lidocaine.

3. Minimally Invasive Therapies

For moderate or severe cases, the following options may be recommended:

- Rubber Band Ligation: A procedure that cuts off blood flow to the haemorrhoid, causing it to fall off naturally;
- Sclerotherapy: Injection of a chemical solution to shrink the haemorrhoid;
- Infrared Coagulation: Use of laser or infrared light to shrink the affected veins.

4. Surgery

In more severe or persistent cases, haemorrhoidectomy is the most common surgical procedure. While effective, it is reserved for situations where other treatments have failed.

How to Prevent Haemorrhoids

Prevention is always the best remedy. Some simple tips include:

- Maintaining a high-fibre diet;
- Avoiding excessive straining during bowel movements;
- Practising good hygiene habits;
- Not delaying the urge to use the toilet;
- Managing body weight effectively.

Final Considerations

Although haemorrhoids can be uncomfortable, it is important to remember that effective solutions are available to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. If you experience any of the described symptoms, do not hesitate to seek medical advice. Early treatment is essential to avoid complications.

Note: This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice.

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